Review: Elementary Hindi 102

Textbook lesson 9-15

Everything from the textbook.

Lesson 9

The imperfect present tense (Habitual tense)

खाना – to eat

I eat samosa.	(मैं समोसा खाता हूँ।)
I eat samosa.	(मैं समोसा खाती हूँ।)
She eats samosa.	(वह समोसा खाती है।)
He eats samosa.	(वह समोसा खाता है।)
We eat samosa.	(हम समोसा खाते हैं।)
We (f.) eat samosa.	(हम समोसा खाती हैं।)
They eat samosa.	(वे समोसा खाते हैं।)
They (f.) eat samosa.	(वे समोसा खाती हैं।)
You eat samosa.	(तू समोसा खाती है।)
You eat samosa.	(तू समोसा खाता है।)
You eat samosa.	(तुम समोसा खाती हो।)
You eat samosa.	(तुम समोसे खाते हो।)
You eat samosa.	(आप समोसा खाते हैं।)
You eat samosa.	(आप समोसा खाती हैं।

ko construction

X ko janna		मैं दीपक को जानती हूँ।
To give	देना vt.	मैं दीपक को किताब देती हूँ।
To sell	बेचना vt.	मैं दीपक को किताब बेचती हूँ।
To tell	बताना vt.	मैं आपको बताती हूँ।
To explain	समझाना vt.	मैं आपको समझाती हूँ।
To teach	पढ़ाना vt.	मैं बच्चों को पढ़ाती हूँ।
To show	दिखाना vt.	मैं दीपक को तस्वीर दिखाती हूँ।

को never comes with

जाना –	मैं भारत जाती हूँ।
आना-	मैं घर आता हूँ।

X के पास जाना go to X

मैं डॉक्टर के पास अक्सर जाता हूँ.	I go to see the doctor.
वह धोबी के पास जाता है.	I go to the washerman.
मैं प्रोफेसर के पास जाती हूँ.	I go to the professor.

Ko with dates

Ko with week

सोमवार को	on Monday (we read a book on Monday)
मंगलवार को	on Tuesday (She eats guava on Tuesday.)
बुधवार को	on Wednesday (He takes pictures on Wed
वीरवार/गुरुवार को	on Thursday They drink tea on Thu
शुक्रवार को	on Friday No one comes here on Friday
शनिवार को	on Saturday Nobody has an exam on Sat
इतवार को	on Sunday We party on Sunday.

Lesson 10

होना

The habitual past tense

The use of अपना “one’s own” (page 82)

Lesson 11

Our focus is on three similar reflexive words meaning “by oneself”

• अपने-आप
• आप ही
• खुद

The Narrative past tense

CONTRARY TO FACT STATEMENTS

Lesson 12

Indicative Past Tense

Transitive or Intransitive

Example:

What did you read?	A book	It is transitive.
What did you sleep?	No answer	It is intransitive.

I made food.	मैंने खाना बनाया
I read books.	मैंने किताबें पढ़ीं।
I watched a movie.	मैंने फ़िल्म देखी
I laughed.	मैं हँसी
I woke up.	मैं उठी
I bath	मैं नहाई
I ate.	मैंने खाना खाया।

Verbs that are considered intransitive in the past:

लाना	to bring
डरना	to fear
मिलना	to meet
भूलना	to forget

Verbs that may function as either transitive or intransitive:

समझना	to understand
बोलना	to speak
लड़ना	to fight
बदलना	to change

Remember the postposition with these verbs.

से बोलना	to speak
से पूछना	to ask
को बताना	to tell
को/से कहना	to say

Adverb of time

Last year I was in Delhi.	पिछले साल
Next week	अगले हफ़्ते
Tomorrow	कल
Yesterday I read a book.	कल
I always like Shahrukh Khan.	हमेशा
Sometimes I eat pizza.	कभी कभी
Often I don’t like to run.	अक्सर

Verbs to know

Elementary Hindi verbs क्रिया

Lesson 13

Post position

में	in
पर	at/on
तक	upto/until
से	from/since
को	to

Compound postposition

के लिए	for
के साथ	with X
के पास	near/have
के सामने	across/in front of
के पीछे	behind X
के नीचे	beneath X
के अंदर	inside X
के बाहर	outside X

Possession in Hindi

का/के/की

The present perfect tense.

The past perfect tense

The oblique infinitive +लायक़

Word order

Day	मंगलवार को
Time	बारह बजे
Who did	उसने
Location	बिस्तर पर
Negative particle
Verb (Action done)	खाना खाया।

Lesson 14

The progressive aspect

1. Take the stem of the main verb 
   1. करना → कर
2. Add the perfect participle of रहना 
   1. रहा (M.S.) / रहे (M.P or respectful) / रही (F. S. and F. P.)
   2. Must agree in number and gender with the subject
3. Add the correct form of होना (simple present tense) 
   1. हूँ (1st person singular) / है (3rd person singular) / हो (2nd person singular)/ हैं (plural)
   2. Must agree in number and person with the subject

The past progressive

Lesson 15

The Particles ही, भी, तक, तो

Emphatic particles that stress the word they follow

कोई – someone, anyone, no one

• is used with singular, countable nouns (some man, any book)
• Also used in front of numbers to indicate approximation

कुछ – some, no

• Is used with countable, objects (both animate and inanimate) when they are in the plural and with uncountable objects in the singular

The Absolutive

The Absolutive, also known as कर construction, is used when you have two actions in the same sentence with a LOGICALLY SIMILAR action

• In English, the closest thing to कर construction is “having”.
• Ex. “Having done X I did Y”.
• “Having played outside I went inside”
• “Having eaten I slept”

For regular verbs, the kar construction is quite simple.

All you need to do is drop the ending of the verb (keep the verb stem), and add -कर

For example, if I wanted to change बोलना to the absolutive (aka kar construction) I would do the following:

बोलना	REMOVE THE ENDING AND KEEP THE VERB STEM (बोल)
बोलकर	ADD THE कर TO THE END OF THE VERB STEM

Translates to “having”

Can also be translated to “and”

Transform past contrary to fact

Transform progressive contrary to fact